wireless - WI-FI doesn't work (Hard Blocked)

Yesterday I installed Ubuntu 12.04 for the first time (I've always been a Windows user) as I was at the office and I had the Ethernet connected.

At home I only use WI-FI. When I started Ubuntu it didn't connect or try to connect with any network.

By google, I found the command rfkill and these are the results:

0: hci0: Bluetooth
    Soft blocked: no
    Hard blocked: no
1: brcmwl-0: Wireless LAN
    Soft blocked: no
    Hard blocked: no
2: dell-wifi: Wireless LAN
    Soft blocked: yes
    Hard blocked: yes
3: dell-bluetooth: Bluetooth
    Soft blocked: no
    Hard blocked: no

Well, the WI-FI is blocked by hardware, so I tried the command rfkill unblock 2 and it didn't work. As I didn't know even my Broadcom model, I found lspci and the result for the WI-FI is:

0e:00.0 Network controller: Broadcom Corporation BCM4312 802.11b/g LP-PHY (rev 01)

My laptop is a Dell Vostro 1520 with WinXP also installed.
Thanks for the help!

PS: It also may help that when I enter System Settings > Network (it may be different, my Ubuntu is in Spanish) "Airplane Mode" is connected. When I try to unlock it, it goes to its original place after I close that window and open it again and when I reboot.

---

Update added from comment to an answer

The Broadcom "Additional Drivers" are turned on and enabled.

Broadcom and ubuntu do not play nicely together

Try these fixes

Installing Broadcom Wireless Drivers

How to install sane graphics drivers for Nvidia Optimus hardware on *Ubuntu 16.04?

I can see this becoming a recurring thing every few years.

Ubuntu 16.04 was released not too many months ago and I have bought a new hard disk and installed Kubuntu 16.04 on it. My laptop is something from a few years back with an intel something graphics driver on the CPU and an Nvidia GTX 670MX discrete card. (It's an optimus system.)

Now one used to get this working via some strange combination of bumblebee and nvidia drivers and editing text config files, etc, etc, you used to run primusrun/optirun executable_file and it (sort of, rather unconvincingly) worked. (Until a new update broke it again, or you wanted to use CUDA...)

See this question for additional context, and also see the questions linked there.

It is my understanding that the new release of 16.04 does away with all the primusrun/optirun stuff, and we now have a seemlessly switching graphics solution which works "much more better" than before. (Or is this just totally wrong information and I completely misunderstood what I read online?)

So, I attempted to do a sudo apt-get install nvidia-361-updates which brought along with it nvidia-prime... I rebooted back into Kubuntu and everything seemed to be working! My graphics card started to get warm and the fan started rotating, which doesn't usually happen unless the card is "on and doing something to make it heat up". I couldn't test it any further but I assume it was rendering stuff for the desktop environment.

But, somewhile later my system just suddenly turns off. I reboot and suddenly I can't login anymore... Either the system freezes, logs out or turns off.

So I attempted to follow information in this question.

Which just made things worse. Now I can't even get to a login screen. After boot my screen stays black/blank. However I can still get to a tty window.

There are other questions here and here which describe similar issues but did not resolve the problem. (I found these after searching for ubuntu 16.04 graphics driver blank screen or something similar to this.)

I've done the classic thing of trying too many things "which might fix it", but since I don't fully understand in detail the exact effects of all the commands I'm running I've got myself into a hole and it's probably time to start again with a fresh install and get it right the first time.

So my question is, how do I "get it right"? I have an optimus laptop with an Nvidia GTX 670MX along side an Intel integrated graphics processor, what combination of drivers, ppa's and software should I install on *Ubuntu 16.04, and in what order to make my optimus hardware functional?

In addition, am I correct or incorrect in my earlier statement when I suggest that something fundamentally big has been done to improve hardware support for optimus systems in 16.04?

networking - How Can I Roll Back a Kernel Update?

An update for Ubuntu was available today and it installed the generic kernel 2.6.38.11.26.

After doing so networking is no longer functioning correctly. My Acer Aspire 4520 has an Nvidia Network card and an Atheros wireless chipset which was functioning properly before the update.

Now when I boot neither are functioning properly. Wireless Networking is still a selectable option but even when enabled the options for selecting a network is grayed out. The Ethernet connection will activate but only after about 3-5 minutes after booting to the desktop.

How can I fix this or roll back to the previous kernel? This is a serious bug and I'm fairly certain I'm not the only one with this issue.

boot - Recover /home/ after deleting /usr/lib

I accidently deleted my /usr/lib folder. I had the genius idea of rebooting to see if it still boots.
Suprise, it doesn't.
My home directory is encrypted and I don't remember the encryption phrase.

However I can boot into a root terminal and access my files. From there I can even log into my account. So as far as I know you don't need the encryption pw if you are logged into the account that encrypted the files.

But for some Reason I still only see the "Access-Your-Private-Data.desktop" file in the /home/MYUSER/ . And also when I run the command: "ecryptfs-recover-private" I'm asked for a recovery passphrase.

All that, even though I'm logged in to my user that encryped the files. Once my UI was still working I never had to enter the recovery phrase.

Is there any way to get back my data without knowing the encryption key but just my User name?

Ok I found a way to recover it. Unfortunately most commands to restore the encryption key or installing packages didn't work from the machine as there were no packages at all. I also used another machine to try accessing the encryption key at /home/$USER/.ecryptfs but I got an error that the key was corrupted.

At the end I installed the same linux version on a new partition, mounted the old one and copied the whole /usr/lib folder of the new installation to the one I crashed.

After that I was able to boot into my system again and I could decrypt all my files with the user password.

boot - How to replace or remove kernel with signed kernels

Whenever I am updating ubuntu getting following error message. The message is asking me to remove or replace the current kernel version with the signed version.

How to do this?

Below is the message I am getting:

Your system has UEFI Secure Boot enabled in firmware, and the
following kernels present on your system are unsigned:

4.19.6

These kernels cannot be verified under Secure Boot. To ensure your
system remains bootable, GRUB will not be upgraded on your disk until
these kernels are removed or replaced with signed kernels.

---

Following kernels are right now installed in my machine, which is listed by running command: dpkg --list | grep linux-image

1. ic linux-image-4.15.0-29-generic 4.15.0-29.31 amd64 Signed kernel image generic


2. rc linux-image-4.15.0-39-generic 4.15.0-39.42 amd64 Signed kernel image generic


3. ii linux-image-4.15.0-42-generic 4.15.0-42.45 amd64 Signed kernel image generic


4. ii linux-image-4.15.0-43-generic 4.15.0-43.46 amd64 Signed kernel image generic


5. ii linux-image-4.15.0-45-generic 4.15.0-45.48 amd64 Signed kernel image generic


6. ii linux-image-generic 4.15.0.45.47 amd64 Generic Linux kernel image


7. ii linux-image-unsigned-4.19.5-041905-generic 4.19.5-041905.201812031110 amd64 Linux kernel image for version 4.19.5 on 64 bit x86 SMP

---

kernel version I am running, retrieved by running command uname -a:

Linux dipak 4.19.6 #1 SMP Tue Dec 18 10:30:34 IST 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

---

Ubuntu distrubution version (lsb_release -a):

No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 18.04.2 LTS
Release: 18.04
Codename: bionic

14.04 - problem with laptop fan after ubuntu installation

After i install ubuntu os, my laptop become warm and it's fan work like's when you play high-graphics game on windows.

now actually im running ubuntu without any os like windows. its just linux. so whats cause my pc to work like that ?

why it like this on linux ?

boot - Ubuntu 16.04 No GUI Video After Installing nVidia Driver

I am new to Ubuntu and Linux, but am not new to installing other operating systems and software. I have been attempting to install Ubuntu 16.04 from DVD on a machine with the following hardware:

• ASRock Z170 OC Formula motherboard, with BIOS version P7.40


• Intel Celeron G3900 at 2.8 GHz (NOT overclocked)


• 8 GB DDR4-2133 SDRAM


• TWO nVidia GTX-1070 video cards


• Samsung 850 Pro SSD 512 GB


• Samsung Syncmaster 305T Monitor

Onboard Video and Secure Boot are disabled in BIOS.

When booting from the CD, and when booting the installed Ubuntu, I had to edit the linux command line in Grub to add nomodeset to avoid getting a black screen after the Grub display. The nVidia driver was NOT yet installed initially.

My application requires installation of the native nVidia display drivers. Therefore, I tried installing the nVidia drivers (version 384) through Ubuntu's Additional Drivers application. The installation appeared to proceed normally as far as I could tell. However, upon rebooting, the screen now briefly changes to the Ubuntu login screen background color, then my monitor loses the video signal, and the actual login screen is never displayed.

However, I am able to toggle into terminal mode by using CTRL ALT F1. I then attempted to resolve the above problem by trying various solutions listed at the following links:

Trouble installing Ubuntu 16.04 since I got GTX 1070

My computer boots to a black screen, what options do I have to fix it?

Graphics issues after/while installing Ubuntu 16.04/16.10 with NVIDIA graphics

Blank screen after installing nvidia restricted driver

The most commonly recommended solution in these threads seems to require running the following commands from a terminal session:

sudo apt-get purge nvidia-*
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:graphics-drivers/ppa
sudo apt update
sudo apt-get install nvidia-384
sudo reboot

However, following that procedure has not changed my results. I suspect that I am missing some other important step, but can't figure out what it is. Can someone help?

This problem apparently resulted from a defective monitor. While attempting some other solutions, I noted some minor defects in the monitor display (a small section of flickering pixels) that were always present, even in UEFI setup. I switched to a different monitor and reinstalled Ubuntu and the native nVidia drivers without any problems, without even needing to use nomodeset.

partitioning - How can I expand a partition into non adjacent free space using GParted?

My dual-boot machine has partitions as follows:

• sda1 50 GB NTFS


• sda2 15 GB unallocated


• sda3 20 GB ext3


• sda4 20 GB ext4

I would like to allocate the unused space on sda2 to my Ubuntu partition on sda4, hopefully leaving the other two partitions untouched, leaving this configuration:

• sda1 50 GB NTFS


• sda3 20 GB ext3


• sda4 35 GB ext4

Is this possible? If so, how can it be done, preferably using GParted?

You must run gparted from a livecd because you will be moving the partitions.

1. Backup your data (there is an high
   risk if something goes wrong during
   partition changes)


2. Move sda3 to the beginning of the
   unallocated space




3. Move sda4 to the
   beginning of the unallocated space




4. Resize sda4

canonical - Is Zentyal an official Ubuntu derivative?

I notice here that Canonical has partnered with Zentyal - does that make them an official derivative?

although we (Zentyal) are Canonical partners to include official Ubuntu support for our customers, we are not currently an official Ubuntu derivative.

For any kind of questions you can use our forums (forum.zentyal.org). We are also attending to the UDS-r where you can meet us in person and ask us directly.

startup - Howto enable boot messages in ubuntu 12.04?

Hello when I do reboot or init 6 in console under ubuntu 12.04 my system does not start correctly. it freezes in startup process.

Wow can I enable the boot-messages instead of the splash-screen.

Is this still valid for ubuntu 12.04?
How to enable boot messages to be printed on screen during boot up?

How do I set up wine to play steam games?

Shoot, I know this question has been asked probably like 8000 times before, and I've tried probably about 8000 different ways to do this thing, and only one has worked.

I recently had to do a fresh install of my system (and like the numbskull that I am, I didn't think to save the one way to get the game to work). I've been looking for that tutorial for a while now and can't seem to find it, so if someone here could help me out (not necessarily with finding it, moreso with how I can get this working).

I want to play Osiris: New Dawn (and it works fabulously, trust me, I've done it before!). It's a 64bit game so a lot of the tutorials don't let me either install it, or run it (it runs into the missing .exe error). I've tried the PlayOnLinux deal, and it doesn't work. I've tried doing the wine tutorial to download steam in a 64bit installation deal, and that didn't work either (it wouldn't make the desktop file at first, then it either gave me the missing .exe error or it wouldn't let me install the game).

The tutorial I used before from what I can remember used wine to make a virtual desktop where steam ran inside and created an Osiris icon on my desktop. So I was wondering if any of ya'll could help me out with how to work wine into working with steam and 64bit games?

hibernate - Swap partition is not recognized

I think this problem might be related to this one:

Failing to recover from hibernate

Basically, as soon as ive installed ubuntu, using the automatic partitioning, if i run gparted and look at my disk partitions, my swap space is displayed as unknown, with an exclamation mark next to it:

Ok, next step, i manually assign the 'unknown' section to be a swap partition, and attempt to hibernate. When i switch my system back on, it runs as described in the link above, failing to restore from hibernate. When i run gparted again after its restarted, the swap partition is back to 'unknown'. Any idea whats going on here?

"do release upgrade" parameters

What is the exact meaning of adding the -d option at the end of do-release-upgrade command? The Ubuntu documentation defines it as:

to upgrade to a development version of Ubuntu.

Once 16.04.01 is released, is there any difference in sudo do-release-upgrade -d and sudo do-release-upgrade?

I started my upgrade process from 14.04.05LTS to 16.04.01LTS using:

sudo do-release-upgrade -d

After starting this, I read that:

Upgrading to a development release is not recommended

Because of this I closed the terminal process doing upgrade. Now when I run sudo do-release-upgrade -d, I am able to resume the upgrade. But if I run sudo do-release-upgrade I am getting the message:

no new release found

How should I resume the upgrade process correctly?

Using sudo do-release-upgrade -d will upgrade you to the latest development version as you've read. Currently that is 16.10, named Yakkety Yak, which is being developed at the moment for release in October this year.

The best course of action is to check whether your /etc/apt/sources.list file has been modified by the do-release-upgrade command.

Check whether there are any references to Trusty in the file with:

grep -i trusty /etc/apt/sources.list

If you get lines of output from this command, you are safe to run the following two apt-get commands to ensure that your packages for trusty are as up to date as possible:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade 

Otherwise you will need to reset your sources.list file to its original form.

Now, check that your update manager is trying to go to the right release with:

grep -i prompt /etc/update-manager/release-upgrades

You should see a line saying Prompt=lts. If that is there, then sudo do-release-upgrade should work.

networking - Ubuntu GNOME 16.10/17.04 issue with creating hot-spot using Network Manager

I've experienced the following problem on Ubuntu GNOME 16.10 and 17.04.

Using Gnome-Network-Manager (I don't want to use other tools) I have issues when I create a wifi hot-spot to allow my Android device to access wired Internet. Sometimes (usually after a fresh boot) the wifi hot-spot works. But after a short while (maybe 10 to 30 minutes), my Android system will disconnect. When I reconnect Android will say something like "Connected, no Internet", but the Internet is available.

This is not a problem with just one Android system or device, I have tested with various versions of Android (Samsung and CynagenMod) and a Mac Book. All with similar issues.

From the Android side it appears that the network signal strengths fluctuates significantly over time.

I have tried various network cards, the internal network card (Intel AC 7260) and a couple of USB network cards. All exhibit similar behavior.

I hope this article can help with your problem.

How to Overcome Ubuntu 17.04 Failed to Make Wifi Hotspot

1. If Hotspot is on then turn it off first. Go to System Settings > Network

   
   
   

   Turn off Hotspot by clicking ON so it becomes OFF

   
   
   

   Click Stop Hotspot




2. Click All Settings > Software and Updates

   
   
   

   Make sure the settings shown are checked.

   
   
   
   

   




3. Click the Close button and let Ubuntu 17.04 update after entering the password. Wait for it to finish. Click Reload.




4. Press Ctrl+Alt+T to start the Terminal application.




5. Type the following command in Terminal:

   
   
   

   sudo apt install hostapd dnsmasq
   




6. Go back to the Network window and click Use as Hotspot then click Turn On.

   
   
   

   Hotspot is ON with the name HP-EliteBook-2760p (on my computer)





7. In order for Android devices to be able to connect to this Hotspot, there is still one more step, namely:

   
   
   

   Click Edit Connections

   
   
   

   Select Hotspot then click Edit

   
   
   

   Change Mode to Hotspot (provided Ad-hoc)

   
   
   

   Click Save

   
   
   
   

   Click Enable Wi-Fi to disable your Wi-Fi

   
   
   

   Click again Enable Wi-Fi to enable Wi-Fi

And…. Alhamdulillah ... now Hotspot on Ubuntu 17.04 can function normally. Android devices can also connect.

boot - How to install grub after fatal error on failed RAID system?

I know there are multiple posts about "Executing 'grub-install /dev/dm-3' failed. This is a fatal error", but in my case I have the additional problem of a corrupted RAID system (Windows 7 installation I'm trying to replace with Ubuntu 16.04.3) so I'm not sure how best to proceed.

Here is the RAID failure notice:

Intel(R) Rapid Storage Technology - Option ROM - 10.1.0.1008

Copyright(C) 2003-10 Intel Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

RAID Volumes:

ID Name Level Strip Size Status Bootable

0 Volume0 RAID0(Stripe) 128KB 477.0GB Failed No

Physical Devices Model Serial # Size Type/Status(Vol ID)

0 SAMSUNG [model and serial #] [all sizes 119.2GB 'Member Disk(0)']

1 SAMSUNG

3 SAMSUNG

I may be able to 'enter Configuration Utility' for the above RAID check screen, though this data was shared with me (I've not done this before) ...

What should I do, given the following output of fdisk -l? Given the two errors reported (invalid flag, Partition 2 not starting on physical boundary) I don't know what needs to be done.

ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/loop0: 1.4 GiB, 1532116992
bytes, 2992416 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector
size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size
(minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Invalid flag 0x0000 of EBR (for partition 5) will be corrected by
w(rite). Disk /dev/sda: 119.2 GiB, 128035676160 bytes, 250069680
sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size
(logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal):
512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x3f64e338

Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 999423 997376 487M 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1001470 1000259583 999258114 476.5G 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 357452134 357452150 17 8.5K 3f unknown

Disk /dev/sdb: 119.2 GiB, 128035676160 bytes, 250069680 sectors Units:
sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512
bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk /dev/sdc: 119.2 GiB, 128035676160 bytes, 250069680 sectors Units:
sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512
bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk /dev/sdd: 7.5 GiB, 8074035200 bytes, 15769600 sectors Units:
sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512
bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x244117e6

Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sdd1 *
2048 15769599 15767552 7.5G c W95 FAT32 (LBA)

Disk /dev/sde: 119.2 GiB, 128035676160 bytes, 250069680 sectors Units:
sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512
bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk /dev/mapper/isw_fedhhbedg_Volume0: 477 GiB, 512133431296 bytes,
1000260608 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size
(logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal):
131072 bytes / 524288 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier:
0x3f64e338

Device Boot Start End
Sectors Size Id Type /dev/mapper/isw_fedhhbedg_Volume0-part1
2048 999423 997376 487M 83 Linux
/dev/mapper/isw_fedhhbedg_Volume0-part2 1001470 1000259583
999258114 476.5G 5 Extende /dev/mapper/isw_fedhhbedg_Volume0-part5
1001472 1000259583 999258112 476.5G 8e Linux L

Partition 2 does not start on physical sector boundary.

Disk /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root: 468.6 GiB, 503098376192 bytes,
982614016 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size
(logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal):
131072 bytes / 524288 bytes

Disk /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-swap_1: 7.9 GiB, 8497659904 bytes,
16596992 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size
(logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal):
131072 bytes / 524288 bytes

I searched the Internet for something like 'sony vaio bios access' to press F2 or F3 to enter the BIOS, set the RAID configuration to be displayed on startup, pressed Ctrl+I as instructed to edit it, and reset all drives to Non-RAID (apparently losing all data in the process). Then I was able to install Ubuntu 16.04 via the USB flash drive on the first volume -- I elected to erase the disk and use LVM -- after selecting 'Try Ubuntu', connecting to Wifi, and then clicking the 'Install Ubuntu' desktop shortcut (selecting both options to download updates during installation and install third party drivers for Flash, etc).

This enabled me to successfully install Ubuntu 16.04.

I restarted still with the USB drive in. It didn't prompt me to remove it like previous installations. I removed it and then shut down again, resulting in a number of page read failure errors. I did a hard shut off, booted without the USB in, and everything seems fine.

How to install wine on Ubuntu 14.04?

I am a windows user, and I don't know nothing about Ubuntu and how does it works. I don't know how to access my computer, I don't know how to access command prompt nothing.

Just now I installed Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, due to wifi problem I reinstalled Ubuntu and now the wifi is working fine.

Now I am not able to install any of the exe file. I am trying to install file zilla,internet download manager, 7zip, and as a blogger I would like to install some other blogging related tools which install on Adobe Air.

Can any one please help me and instruct me in detail step by step on how to install wine on Ubuntu 14.04.

Or are there any other programs which makes to install windows related applications.

unity - How do I change the default session for when using auto-logins?

When autologon is active, lightdm will start the Unity 3D session, not the 2D (or any other shell that I want to auto-login to).

Is there a way to start the shell I want automatically (autologon)?

Anyway, if autologon is disabled, the last used session is launched, and that's fine. I just want to choose which is default with autologon.

The list of sessions is described in the directory /usr/share/xsessions.

Some of the more common session names are as follows:

• For unity-2d the session file is called ubuntu-2d.desktop


• For gnome-classic the session file is called gnome-classic.desktop



• For gnome-classic (no effects) aka gnome-fallback the session file is called gnome-fallback.desktop


• For unity-3d the session file is called ubuntu.desktop


• For Lubuntu the session file is called Lubuntu.desktop


• For LXDE the session file is called LXDE.desktop

Thus, if you change the light-dm configuration file to "ubuntu-2d" this will default the session to Unity-2D

i.e.

sudo nano /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf

change the line

user-session=ubuntu

to

user-session=ubuntu-2d

Note - if you don't have a lightdm.conf file then for a autologin use the following values for this file:

[SeatDefaults]
greeter-session=unity-greeter
user-session=ubuntu-2d
autologin-user=myusername
autologin-user-timeout=0

Another possibility is to run:

sudo /usr/lib/lightdm/lightdm-set-defaults -s 

E.g.:

sudo /usr/lib/lightdm/lightdm-set-defaults -s ubuntu-2d

This will also create the lightdm.conf file if it wasn't already present.

partitioning - Boot Partition Full

When I run Software Updater, it says that I don't have enough free disk space. I need 29.3 Mb of free disk space on '/boot'. I've tried the solution at How do I free up more space in /boot?. It removed a lot, but I need more. I am running the newest version of Ubuntu Studio. Here's some data:

joseph@joseph-UX31A:~$ df
Filesystem                          1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--studio--vg-root 114276968 7642152 100806824   8% /
none                                        4       0         4   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
udev                                  1949692       4   1949688   1% /dev
tmpfs                                  393156    1400    391756   1% /run
none                                     5120       0      5120   0% /run/lock
none                                  1965764      80   1965684   1% /run/shm
none                                   102400      40    102360   1% /run/user

/dev/sda2                              241965   95551    133922  42% /boot
/dev/sda1                              523248    3428    519820   1% /boot/efi


joseph@joseph-UX31A:~$ ls -as /boot
total 85833
1 .
4 ..
1143 abi-3.13.0-35-generic
1144 abi-3.13.0-35-lowlatency

163 config-3.13.0-35-generic
163 config-3.13.0-35-lowlatency
4 efi
1 grub
29502 initrd.img-3.13.0-35-generic
29446 initrd.img-3.13.0-35-lowlatency
12 lost+found
174 memtest86+.bin
175 memtest86+.elf
176 memtest86+_multiboot.bin

3322 System.map-3.13.0-35-generic
3319 System.map-3.13.0-35-lowlatency
5695 vmlinuz-3.13.0-35-generic
5697 vmlinuz-3.13.0-35-generic.efi.signed
5692 vmlinuz-3.13.0-35-lowlatency

joseph@joseph-UX31A:~$ uname -a
Linux joseph-UX31A 3.13.0-35-lowlatency #62-Ubuntu SMP PREEMPT Fri Aug 15 02:26:48  UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

Thanks Guys, I've been at this for a while, kinda stressed.

So after cleaning, we can see you have two different kernels left: generic and lowlatency.

The uname command shows that you are using the lowlatency. If you are not using the generic kernel, you could delete its related files by running :

sudo find /boot -name "*generic*" -delete

This should halves the space used in /boot.

You could/should also grow your /boot partition by using gparted in a live-CD session for example, but you will probably have to shrink adjacent partition.

Cannot boot into Ubuntu 12.04 after reinstalling Windows 7

I had to reinstall my Windows 7 due to some problems, before that I was running a dual boot with Ubuntu 12.04, which was originally installed from Windows (via Wubi) in a separate partition.

After reinstalling Windows the screen where I could choose the OS to boot to was gone, I searched for a solution and installed EasyBCD, from there installed Neogrub, added an entry for Ubuntu (tried type GRUB2 and GRUB Legacy, nothing changed). Now I get to Windows boot manager after rebooting, but if I choose Ubuntu it says 'Windows was not installed correctly', so clearly something is wrong. This is the boot menu:

There are a total of 3 entries listed in the bootloader.

Default: Windows 7
Timeout: 15 seconds
Boot Drive: C:\

Entry #1
Name: Windows 7
BCD ID: {current}

Drive: C:\
Bootloader Path: \Windows\system32\winload.exe

Entry #2
Name: NeoGrub Bootloader
BCD ID: {8355e9dd-8693-11e2-94ba-98e0820b23a5}
Drive: C:\
Bootloader Path: \NST\NeoGrub.mbr

Entry #3

Name: Ubuntu
BCD ID: {8355e9df-8693-11e2-94ba-98e0820b23a5}
Drive: E:\
Bootloader Path: \NST\AutoNeoGrub0.mbr

I`m no expert, but the Bootloader Path for Entry #3 looks wrong, however I don't know how to change it (or what should I change it to).

Now I realised I should have installed Ubuntu from a Live CD not wubi, but it's too late for that. I'm thinking there has to be some way to acces Ubuntu, cause it`s all there in its partition.

edit: I tried running wubi to refresh my memory, now I remember what I did, I changed the 'Installation drive' from C to E, which is a partition I created just for Ubuntu and which is still there, unformatted.

To answer my own question (in case anybody else has this problem, it is possible to fix this. Using EasyBCD is just the first step, after creating an entry for Ubuntu (be sure to set the Type to wubi, not GRUB) you have to tell Windows where to boot Ubuntu from. To do this, open a command prompt with administrator rights, and run

bcdedit and look at the end of the output under 'Real-Mode Boot Sector' at the identifier.

Then run bcdedit /set {device_id} partition=X:

where device_id is the ID from above and X is the partition where you installed Ubuntu.

Lastly, run

bcedit /set {device_id} path \your_ubuntu_path\winboot\wubildr.mbr

Again, replace device_id and 'your_ubuntu_path' with the path to the wubildr.mbr file (probably it`s in \ubuntu\winboot\ on the partition where you installed Ubuntu)

That`s it, the dual-boot should work correctly again (at least for me it did).

internet - (Ubuntu Server 14.10) Cannot connect to wireless

I just recently acquire a computer that had windows on it, and the wireless worked fine. I installed Ubuntu, removing windows. Having started it for the first time, I find that I am unable to connect to the wireless. If I ping, for instance, google it says "ping: unknown host google.com". If I try the ip address, i get "connect: Network is unreachable"
I tried reinstalling, and it still has the same problem. Any ideas? All the other devices on my network can connect. Any ideas?
Ps. I'm a bit of a noob, so please keep the language simple. Thanks!

I use wpa2-psk

drivers - Using Nvidia 319 with bumblebee

I have Optimus laptop running Raring and now I'm using nvidia 304 drivers, which have bad performance and some games are not working properly (e.g. Oil Rush is working properly only with 319, with older drivers I have a problem with lighting, so the game is unplayable)

So is there a way how to run bumblebee with Nvidia 319 downloaded from Nvidia website?
I know about Bumblebee config, but I don't know what should I edit in it.
Thanks for help.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:xorg-edgers/ppa 
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install nvidia-319 nvidia-settings-319 

Then edit bumblebee.conf

 sudo nano /etc/bumblebee/bumblebee.conf

It should have this lines:

# You need to explicit the driver used by Bumblebee server.
Driver=nvidia

KernelDriver=nvidia-graphics-drivers-319

PMMethod=auto
# colon-separated path to the nvidia libraries
LibraryPath=/usr/lib/nvidia-graphics-drivers-319:/usr/lib32/nvidia-graphics-drivers-319
# comma-separated path of the directory containing nvidia_drv.so and the
# default Xorg modules path
XorgModulePath=/usr/lib/nvidia-graphics-drivers-319/xorg,/usr/lib/xorg/modules
XorgConfFile=/etc/bumblebee/xorg.conf.nvidia

Restart the bumblebeed daemon using the following command:

 sudo service bumblebeed restart

Just install & tested its working fine

optirun glxspheres

---

optirun -vvv glxspheres 
[ 1385.959123] [DEBUG]Reading file: /etc/bumblebee/bumblebee.conf
[ 1385.959847] [INFO]Configured driver: nvidia
[ 1385.960226] [DEBUG]optirun version 3.2.1 starting...

[ 1385.960269] [DEBUG]Active configuration:
[ 1385.960281] [DEBUG] bumblebeed config file: /etc/bumblebee/bumblebee.conf
[ 1385.960292] [DEBUG] X display: :8
[ 1385.960302] [DEBUG] LD_LIBRARY_PATH: /usr/lib/nvidia-319:/usr/lib32/nvidia-319
[ 1385.960313] [DEBUG] Socket path: /var/run/bumblebee.socket
[ 1385.960323] [DEBUG] Accel/display bridge: auto
[ 1385.960333] [DEBUG] VGL Compression: proxy
[ 1385.960343] [DEBUG] VGLrun extra options: 
[ 1385.960354] [DEBUG] Primus LD Path: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/primus:/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/primus
[ 1385.960419] [DEBUG]Using auto-detected bridge virtualgl

[ 1388.086427] [INFO]Response: Yes. X is active.

[ 1388.086477] [INFO]Running application using virtualgl.
[ 1388.086729] [DEBUG]Process vglrun started, PID 3491.
Polygons in scene: 62464
Visual ID of window: 0x20
Context is Direct
OpenGL Renderer: GeForce GT 525M/PCIe/SSE2
94.087784 frames/sec - 102.571552 Mpixels/sec
104.808515 frames/sec - 101.916638 Mpixels/sec

105.079375 frames/sec - 102.180025 Mpixels/sec
105.155037 frames/sec - 102.253599 Mpixels/sec
[ 1397.201911] [DEBUG]SIGCHILD received, but wait failed with No child processes
[ 1397.201986] [DEBUG]Socket closed.
[ 1397.202029] [DEBUG]Killing all remaining processes.

command line - How to copy file from a list to a new folder?

I have a file file1.txt located in a trial folder containing the location of image files. I want to read the list, and copy the image files to a new folder, test_folder.

The entries in file1.txt look like:

./trial/data/image1.jpg
./trial/data/image2.jpg

etc.

I tried to use a similar question to solve the problem: Copy/move a list of files to a new directory

Attempt

while read file; do cp "$file" /trial/test_folder; done < /trial/file1.txt

I get the error "bash: /trial/file1.txt: No such file or directory". Any help would be great!

The error you are getting is because you are reading /trial/file1.txt and not ./trial/file1.txt. That means the shell is trying to find a directory called trial which is under the root directory (/). If you want a path that is relative to your current directory, you can just use:

while read file; do cp "$file" trial/test_folder; done < trial/file1.txt

Or,

while read file; do cp "$file" ./trial/test_folder; done < ./trial/file1.txt

Or, you can use the full path:

while read file; do cp "$file" /home/shane/trial/test_folder; done < /home/shane/trial/file1.txt

bug reporting - How do I report a bug?

I found a problem with an application on Ubuntu.

Questions :

• How do I best report the issue?


• What sort of information should I provide?

The Ubuntu Wiki has a very thorough guide that is well illustrated and covers many possible scenarios.

The essence of that page is that you first need a Launchpad account, then press Alt+F2 and enter ubuntu-bug packagename. In 11.04 and later you can enter ubuntu-bug -w and click on the affected window.

There are also methods described on that wiki page telling you how to:

There is a quick tutorial video that explains better.

And some more information on this site about how to gather information for a bug report:

Unable toboot with Nvidia GTX 750 ti, even with latest beta drivers

Yesterday I got a Nvidia GTX 750ti for my htpc (ubuntu headless 12.04) but the computer wont boot with it installed.
I've tried booting with nomodeset parameter and installing the latest beta driver from nvidia but I get black screen on boot. The machine does not seem to boot as I cannot ssh into it or invoke ctrl-alt-f*

nvidia - How do I Install CUDA on Ubuntu 18.04?

Is there any tutorial to install CUDA on Ubuntu 18.04?

The instructions on the Nvidia website for 17.04 and 16.04 do not work for 18.04.

I get a message telling me to reboot then re-run the installer. However when I do this I get that same message again.

I have installed CUDA 9.1 on Ubuntu 18.04, and runs very well.

However, I should modify default gcc, g++, and use .run files instead of .deb files.

1. install gcc-6, g++-6 (CUDA requires gcc-6 !)


2. In /usr/bin as root, rm gcc, gcc-ar, gcc-nm, gcc-ranlib g++,
   then ln -s gcc-6 gcc; ln -s gcc-ar-6 gcc-ar; ln -s gcc-nm-6 gcc-nm; ln -s gcc-ranlib-6 gcc-ranlib;
   and ln -s g++-6 g++



3. install CUDA using .run files. You may not istall driver. Instead, install
   the latest driver(if required, download NVIDIA-Linux-xxxxxxx.run from Nvidia) would be better.

That's all.

I've tried to install using .deb files, but it causes package conflict so that I've changed the way.

Enjoy it!!

package management - Why is the "Software" application not showing the same results as "Software Updates" or even apt?

I open the "Software" application, go to "Updates" and click the refresh button. The GUI shows this:

I open "Software Updater", let it refresh, and it shows:

On the command line:

~ • apt list --upgradable 
Listing... Done
fsearch-trunk/artful 0.1+355+9~ubuntu17.10.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 0.1+354+9~ubuntu17.10.1]
google-chrome-stable/stable 65.0.3325.162-1 amd64 [upgradable from: 65.0.3325.146-1]

So... there are updates available. Searching for "FSearch" in the Software application shows no option to update:

The Software app also seems to be unable to find newer versions of repository software in PPAs or internal repositories. For example, even with the Virtualbox repository in my sources.list.d/, searching for "virtualbox" in Software only returns the package in the official repository, whereas:

~ • apt list virtualbox*
Listing... Done
virtualbox/artful 5.1.30-dfsg-1 amd64
virtualbox-5.1/unknown 5.1.34-121010~Ubuntu~zesty amd64
virtualbox-5.2/unknown 5.2.8-121009~Ubuntu~zesty amd64
virtualbox-dkms/artful,artful 5.1.30-dfsg-1 all
virtualbox-ext-pack/artful,artful 5.1.30-2 all

virtualbox-guest-additions-iso/artful,artful 5.1.30-1 all
virtualbox-guest-dkms/artful,artful 5.1.30-dfsg-1 all
virtualbox-guest-source/artful,artful 5.1.30-dfsg-1 all
virtualbox-guest-utils/artful 5.1.30-dfsg-1 amd64
virtualbox-guest-x11/artful 5.1.30-dfsg-1 amd64
virtualbox-qt/artful 5.1.30-dfsg-1 amd64
virtualbox-source/artful,artful 5.1.30-dfsg-1 all

Why? What is this app meant to do?

live usb - 8GB usb become 1GB after installing ubuntu?

I've just installed and booted to Ubuntu from my bootable USB, which is originally 8 GB USB.

Now when I'm looking at the USB size I can only find 1.1 GB partition?

Is Ubuntu really taking up 7 GB from my USB or am I missing something?

The partition on the USB drive is only as big as the Ubuntu image you burned to the drive. (I'm guessing the size is inconsistent because some things show it in megabytes and others in mebibytes.) The rest of the space would need to be partitioned before it's accessible; you could use GParted to do that.

Ultimately, where you want to set up a portable OS, you should refer to one of these questions, depending on your needs:

apt - How can PPAs be removed?

I've added many PPAs using the add-apt-repository command. Is there a simple way to remove these PPAs? I've checked in /etc/apt/sources.list for the appropriate deb lines but they aren't there.

This is on a server system so a command line solution would be great!

Use the --remove flag, similar to how the PPA was added:

sudo add-apt-repository --remove ppa:whatever/ppa

As a safer alternative, you can install ppa-purge:

sudo apt-get install ppa-purge

And then remove the PPA, downgrading gracefully packages it provided to packages provided by official repositories:

sudo ppa-purge ppa:whatever/ppa

Note that this will uninstall packages provided by the PPA, but not those provided by the official repositories. If you want to remove them, you should tell it to apt:

sudo apt-get purge package_name

You can also remove PPAs by deleting the .list files from /etc/apt/sources.list.d directory.

Last but not least, you can also disable or remove PPAs from the "Software Sources" section in Ubuntu Settings with a few clicks of your mouse (no terminal needed).

apt - Installing and testing CUDA in Ubuntu 14.04

I am uncertain about how to install CUDA in my system.
looking around there are many tutorials about cuda on 12.04 LTS and a few on 13.04 and 13.10, but they all talk about acquiring a deb package from the NVidia CUDA developer zone.

Well NVidia does not offer a Debian package for 14.04 as of yet.

However, there is a promising package in apt repository: nvidia-cuda-toolkit.

The problem is that I didn't find any example with it. At least not the examples that are referred to in cuda6 online documentation section 4.11.

I should mention that the toolkit installed is v5.5, not v6 but I haven't found documentation for cuda v5.5 on the NVidia website.

So I can verify that nvcc is there, but nothing further than that. How can I get some examples to run to verify the CUDA is installed properly?

I got Cuda6 working on Lubuntu 14.04. This already had build-essentials installed, so if you're using a fresh install, you should probably install it:

apt-get install build-essential

Download the cuda6 run package (6.0.37 at the current time of writing) to ~/Downloads:

Open up a terminal and extract the separate installers via:

mkdir ~/Downloads/nvidia_installers;
cd ~/Downloads
./cuda_6.0.37_linux_64.run -extract=~/Downloads/nvidia_installers;

(I tried running the .run file directly, but it kept screwing up my Xorg install and would never let X run. I believe it is a config issue between driver versions: those installed by apt-get nvidia-331-updates and the cuda*.run driver.)

Completely uninstall anything in the Ubuntu repositories with nvidia-*. I used synaptic and did a purge, AKA completely uninstall programs and configuration.

sudo apt-get --purge remove "nvidia-*"

Have these instructions handy as we need to kill X install the driver.
Press CTL + ALT + F1 to drop to the physical terminal and log in.

cd ~/Downloads/nvidia_installers;
sudo service lightdm stop
sudo killall Xorg
sudo ./NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-331.62.run 

Accept the EULA and install the driver. I would recommend letting it update Xorg config files.

After that installer finishes, turn on the nvidia module and install CUDA.

sudo modprobe nvidia
sudo ./cuda-linux64-rel-6.0.37-18176142.run
sudo ./cuda-samples-linux-6.0.37-18176142.run

test if the drivers are working by going to your sample directory

cd /usr/local/cuda/samples
sudo chown -R : .
cd 1_Utilities/deviceQuery

make .
./deviceQuery    

Worked for me at this point.
Now restart X

sudo service lightdm start

You should be able to do

lsmod | grep nv

and see a line with nvidia listed.
Don't forget to log back out of your physical terminal if it all worked.

APPENDIX

In my case it was necessary to add the folder that contains the executable to your $PATH.

One way of doing it is to edit the ~/.bashrc file in your Home folder.
Add a line to your .bashrc (modify the location if you changed the default CUDA installation folder)

export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-6.0/bin:$PATH

Save the file and then source your .bashrc by typing

source .bashrc

when in your home folder.

wireless - wifi keeps dropping on Lenovo U430 touch - Running Ubuntu 13.10

Recently I installed ubuntu 13.10 on my new Lenovo U430 Touch alongside windows 8.1

Now wifi keeps dropping every few mins, I disable and enable wifi and then it works again, but dropped after a few mins again.

I checked many forums and none of the suggestions seem to work. This problem does not happen on win 8 though.

Here is the output of

sudo lspci -nnk | grep -B4 Network

    Subsystem: Lenovo Device [17aa:3978]

01:00.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller [10ec:8168] (rev 10)
    Subsystem: Lenovo Device [17aa:3801]
    Kernel driver in use: r8169
02:00.0 Network controller [0280]: Intel Corporation Wireless 7260 [8086:08b2] (rev 73)

and the output of

 dmesg | tail -n 50 

as soon as the wifi stopped

[ 6493.935237] WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 6423 at /build/buildd/linux-3.11.0/net/mac80211/util.c:1538 ieee80211_reconfig+0x1234/0x13f0 [mac80211]()
[ 6493.935240] Modules linked in: hid_generic hid_multitouch uvcvideo videobuf2_vmalloc videobuf2_memops usbhid videobuf2_core videodev hid btusb parport_pc(F) ppdev(F) bnep rfcomm bluetooth snd_hda_codec_hdmi snd_hda_codec_realtek joydev(F) arc4(F) x86_pkg_temp_thermal coretemp kvm(F) nls_iso8859_1(F) crct10dif_pclmul(F) crc32_pclmul(F) ghash_clmulni_intel(F) aesni_intel(F) aes_x86_64(F) lrw(F) gf128mul(F) glue_helper(F) ablk_helper(F) cryptd(F) iwlmvm mac80211 snd_hda_intel iwlwifi snd_hda_codec snd_hwdep(F) snd_pcm(F) cfg80211 snd_page_alloc(F) i915 snd_seq_midi(F) microcode(F) snd_seq_midi_event(F) psmouse(F) snd_rawmidi(F) snd_seq(F) serio_raw(F) snd_seq_device(F) drm_kms_helper wmi snd_timer(F) drm ideapad_laptop sparse_keymap snd(F) lpc_ich i2c_algo_bit mei_me mei soundcore(F) video(F) intel_smartconnect mac_hid lp(F) parport(F) ext2(F) ahci(F) libahci(F) r8169 mii(F)
[ 6493.935362] CPU: 0 PID: 6423 Comm: kworker/0:4 Tainted: GF       W    3.11.0-13-generic #20-Ubuntu
[ 6493.935365] Hardware name: LENOVO 20270/Cherry 4A Touch, BIOS 7CCN32WW 09/04/2013
[ 6493.935380] Workqueue: events ieee80211_restart_work [mac80211]

[ 6493.935382]  0000000000000009 ffff880008e69d40 ffffffff816e54ba 0000000000000000
[ 6493.935401]  ffff880008e69d78 ffffffff81061dbd ffff880158b8e800 0000000000000003
[ 6493.935407]  00000000ffffffea ffff880157498600 0000000000000004 ffff880008e69d88
[ 6493.935413] Call Trace:
[ 6493.935419]  [] dump_stack+0x45/0x56
[ 6493.935427]  [] warn_slowpath_common+0x7d/0xa0
[ 6493.935454]  [] warn_slowpath_null+0x1a/0x20
[ 6493.935474]  [] ieee80211_reconfig+0x1234/0x13f0 [mac80211]
[ 6493.935492]  [] ieee80211_restart_work+0x87/0xa0 [mac80211]
[ 6493.935509]  [] process_one_work+0x17c/0x430

[ 6493.935514]  [] worker_thread+0x11c/0x3c0
[ 6493.935520]  [] ? manage_workers.isra.24+0x2a0/0x2a0
[ 6493.935528]  [] kthread+0xc0/0xd0
[ 6493.935549]  [] ? kthread_create_on_node+0x120/0x120
[ 6493.935554]  [] ret_from_fork+0x7c/0xb0
[ 6493.935561]  [] ? kthread_create_on_node+0x120/0x120

Appreciate help in resolving it.

PS. I am a new user for ubuntu and have added the details I seem to think might help identify the problem.

Ehm..i dont know how to explain this BUT...

1. Turn off your router.


2. Wait at least 10 secs.


3. Turn it on again.

Or, the short answer : just restart your router, it might saved you from a lot of strange problems :D

cpu load - Can "startup applications" be less cumbersome?

With this tip I saw there is a total of about 60 applications being launched by startup applications, and at the moment I have to sit back and wait about 45s while the desktop is unresponsive...

How does startup applications work? can I tweak it in some way to make these apps start more gradually, not all together?

I don't want to disable any of them, just stop them all being loaded simultaneously and freezing the desktop

First I saw this tip, but sleep 20;xscreensaver -nosplash seems not to work anymore on Ubuntu 14.04.

So I coded this script execLater.sh and put it at a place in my $PATH, chowned it root:root and mode permissions rwxr-xr-x, and put it on a fully root:root folder structure like /usr/local/bin.

sleep $1;shift;"$@"

So it sleeps before executing the command.

Show all hidden startup applications by following this tip

Now for each startup application.

If there is, for example, this:

xscreensaver -nosplash

change to this below, where "20" is the delay; I used up to "60" knowing I dont care much for some applications; and a minimum of "5" for the ones I care most.

execLater.sh 20 xscreensaver -nosplash

The tricky part

each of these below must have an exclusive delay of "1" because everything else depends on them

/usr/bin/gnome-keyring-daemon --start --components=secrets
/usr/bin/gnome-keyring-daemon --start --components=pkcs11
/usr/bin/gnome-keyring-daemon --start --components=gpg
/usr/bin/gnome-keyring-daemon --start --components=ssh
/usr/lib/unity-settings-daemon/unity-fallback-mount-helper
/usr/lib/policykit-1-gnome/polkit-gnome-authentication-agent-1
gsettings-data-convert
start-pulseaudio-x11
nautilus -n

My guess is, when all 60 apps startup at same time, these above take longer to complete and so the whole desktop stays unavailable...

If you log when each command was executed, you will understand what applications must have delay of "1", because all others are "actually only executed (?)" or "called?" after these; the above list is not fixed, it is just a tip, just logoff and login (no need to reboot to complete this list) so you can make the tests until you are satisfied with the results - now my desktop is available after only 5 seconds :)

Install VLC on offline ubuntu

i have 32 bit ubuntu 12.04 on an offline computer. I can access the internet using a different windows 7 computer and i have a memory key. How do i install vlc on my offline ubuntu computer?

How do you get the Broadcom BCM4306 wireless card working?

I've done a fresh install of Natty 11.04.
I have a Broadcom BCM4306 wireless network card and it failed to come up. It said no drivers installed.

After a bit of reading, I installed the b43-fwcutter and the firmware-b43-installer.
Now it will attempt to connect to the wireless network and asks for the WPA2 password.
However after entering the correct password, it still won't connect and after a minute or so, it asks for the password again.

I've checked the additional drivers list as apparently after installation of the b43 driver it should be listed but there is nothing there.

Not sure if it matters but when I was installing I was connected on a USB WIFI. This works without any additional drivers.

Anyone know how to get this card working?
Thanks.

I would perhaps re install your drivers which should not take long
Do this via a terminal and you should see if anything goes wrong

So in a terminal type the following

sudo apt-get remove b43-fwcutter firmware-b43-installer

then

sudo apt-get install b43-fwcutter firmware-b43-installer

This should reinstall your wifi driver

Alternatively what I have done is install the other broadcom proprietry driver STA

This was just as easy again via the terminal

Clear out any older files

sudo apt-get remove bcmwl-kernel-source
sudo apt-get install  bcmwl-kernel-source

If you are still being prompted for entering your password make sure that you have enabled your pc to remember the password

software recommendation - Comparison of backup tools

This question exists because it has historical significance, but it is not considered a good, on-topic question for this site, so please do not use it as evidence that you can ask similar questions here. While you are encouraged to help maintain its answers, please understand that "big list" questions are not generally allowed on Ask Ubuntu and will be closed per the help center.

Backup is incredibly important. Obviously there's no best backup tool, but a comparison of the options would be very interesting.

• Graphical Interface? Command line?


• Incremental backups?


• Automatic backups?


• Install method: In standard repositories? PPA?

12.04 - Wireless network card is dectected but not working

I installed Ubuntu 12.04 LTS in my HP laptop. My wireless card is not working. But, I could see wireless controller in lspci and lshw -C network. Here, I have enclosed the output.

Whether should i need to install any specific drivers?
If so, What are the drivers?

lspci -k:

02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8101E/RTL8102E PCI Express Fast Ethernet controller (rev 07)
    Subsystem: Hewlett-Packard Company Device 2190
    Kernel driver in use: r8169
    Kernel modules: r8169
03:00.0 Network controller: Atheros Communications Inc. Device 0036 (rev 01)
    Subsystem: Hewlett-Packard Company Device 217f

lshw -C network:

  *-network               
       description: Ethernet interface
       product: RTL8101E/RTL8102E PCI Express Fast Ethernet controller
       vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd.
       physical id: 0
       bus info: pci@0000:02:00.0
       logical name: eth0
       version: 07

       serial: fc:15:b4:05:02:59
       size: 100Mbit/s
       capacity: 100Mbit/s
       width: 64 bits
       clock: 33MHz
       capabilities: pm msi pciexpress msix vpd bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp mii 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd autonegotiation
       configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=r8169 driverversion=2.3LK-NAPI duplex=full firmware=N/A ip=192.168.12.190 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes port=MII speed=100Mbit/s
       resources: irq:105 ioport:1000(size=256) memory:90600000-90600fff memory:90400000-90403fff
  *-network UNCLAIMED
       description: Network controller

       product: Atheros Communications Inc.
       vendor: Atheros Communications Inc.
       physical id: 0
       bus info: pci@0000:03:00.0
       version: 01
       width: 64 bits
       clock: 33MHz
       capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list
       configuration: latency=0
       resources: memory:90500000-9057ffff memory:90580000-9058ffff

iwconfig:

lo        no wireless extensions.

eth0      no wireless extensions.

I don't why my wireless network is UNCLAIMED.

Guide me to fix this issue.

Please run:

lspci -nn

Is your wireless device 168c:0036? If so, it is not covered in 12.04 by the default driver ath9k, so install the compat-wireless suite. First, determine your kernel version:

uname -r

If your kernel is -pae, then do:

sudo apt-get install linux-backports-modules-cw-3.10-precise-generic-pae

If not, then do:

sudo apt-get install linux-backports-modules-cw-3.10-precise-generic

Then do:

sudo modprobe ath9k

Detach the ethernet and your wireless should be working.

ubuntu 14.10 wireless driver not working, dual boot with windows 7

Broadcom driver is working fine when ubuntu 14.10 is not yet installed on my system. But when I installed it alongside with Windows 7(Dual Boot) it says that "This device is not working"(Broadcom). I cant connect WIFI in ubuntu but it does in Windows 7. I search solutions in windows 7, i boot ubuntu, and it doesn't work. I boot windows again, boot ubuntu again. Thats what im doing every-time but i can't fixed it. Help me lease. Thanks :)

02:00.0 Network controller [0280]: Broadcom Corporation BCM4312 802.11b/g LP-PHY [14e4:4315] (rev 01)

Please obtain a temporary internet connection, open a terminal and do:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get purge bcmwl-kernel-source
sudo apt-get install firmware-b43-installer

Reboot and your wireless should be working.

'Additional Drivers' is incorrect for your 14e4:4315 device.

If you have no internet capability, then do the purge step and then download this on some other computer: https://www.dropbox.com/s/7exlzch25ap6uha/b43.zip?dl=0 Transfer it on a USB or similar to your Ubuntu computer and drop it on your desktop. Right-click it and select 'Extract Here.' Now, in the terminal:

sudo mkdir /lib/firmware/b43
sudo cp ~/Desktop/b43/*  /lib/firmware/b43

Reboot.

boot - Booting problems after automatic software update: TPM error and Recovering journal

Last week, after an automatic software update, my PC is having some problems when booting. The PC is a ThinkPad T400 (32 bits) with Ubuntu 18.04.02 LTS. It has dual-boot with Linux and Windows.

A few seconds after starting the boot, the system stops, the screen stay in normal Ubuntu color but with one or two bars in gradient white in the upper half of it. Sometimes after one minute the system itself reboots again, sometimes I need to force the shutdown.
In any case, during the second reboot, appears the following messages:

[1.032407] - TPM TPM0: A TPM error (6) occurred attempting to read a PCR value.  
[1.299927] - TPM TPM0: A TPM error (6) occurred attempting to read a PCR value.  
/dev/sda6/: recovering journal  
/dev/sda6: clean, 324482/1470769 ....

After this message I can see in the screen what system is doing until enter again in graphics mode asking for identification and password and finish the reboot without problems.
Just another information: ist I start a Terminal session and and execute the fsck command, I can see the following message:

artur@artur-ThinkPad-T400:~$ sudo fsck -n  
fsck from util-linux 2.31.1  
e2fsck 1.44.1 (24-Mar-2018)  
Warning!  /dev/sda6 is mounted.    
Warning: skipping journal recovery because doing a read-only filesystem check.      

Superbloco last mount time is in the future.  
    (by less than a day, probably due to the hardware clock being incorrectly set)  
Superbloco last write time is in the future.  
    (by less than a day, probably due to the hardware clock being incorrectly set)  
/dev/sda6: clean, 324561/14704640 files, 33330696/58808064 blocks

My question is: How to solve this problem?

Output of dmesg command:

artur@artur-ThinkPad-T400:~$ dmesg --level=err,warn
[ 0.000000] ACPI BIOS Warning (bug): 32/64X length mismatch in FADT/Pm1aControlBlock: 16/32 (20170831/tbfadt-603)
[ 0.000000] ACPI BIOS Warning (bug): Invalid length for FADT/Pm1aControlBlock: 32, using default 16 (20170831/tbfadt-708)
[ 0.036000] APIC calibration not consistent with PM-Timer: 135ms instead of 100ms
[ 0.037884] mtrr: your CPUs had inconsistent variable MTRR settings
[ 0.898904] (NULL device *): hwmon_device_register() is deprecated. Please convert the driver to use hwmon_device_register_with_info().
[ 1.032407] tpm tpm0: A TPM error (6) occurred attempting to read a pcr value
[ 1.224381] platform eisa.0: EISA: Cannot allocate resource for mainboard
[ 1.224383] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 1
[ 1.224386] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 2
[ 1.224388] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 3
[ 1.224390] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 4
[ 1.224392] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 5
[ 1.224394] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 6
[ 1.224396] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 7
[ 1.224399] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 8
[ 1.299927] tpm tpm0: A TPM error (6) occurred attempting to read a pcr value
[ 40.066660] ACPI Warning: SystemIO range 0x0000000000001028-0x000000000000102F conflicts with OpRegion 0x0000000000001000-0x000000000000107F (_SB.PCI0.LPC.PMIO) (20170831/utaddress-247)
[ 40.066671] ACPI Warning: SystemIO range 0x00000000000011B0-0x00000000000011BF conflicts with OpRegion 0x0000000000001180-0x00000000000011FF (_SB.PCI0.LPC.LPIO) (20170831/utaddress-247)
[ 40.066676] ACPI Warning: SystemIO range 0x0000000000001180-0x00000000000011AF conflicts with OpRegion 0x0000000000001180-0x00000000000011FF (_SB.PCI0.LPC.LPIO) (20170831/utaddress-247)
[ 40.066681] lpc_ich: Resource conflict(s) found affecting gpio_ich
[ 40.246207] excluding 0x4000-0x40ff 0x4400-0x44ff
[ 40.326155] iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: can't disable ASPM; OS doesn't have ASPM control
[ 40.352839] excluding 0xf4800000-0xf4b7ffff
[ 40.352859] excluding 0xf0000000-0xf3ffffff
[ 41.701782] kvm: disabled by bios
[ 42.979781] clean
[ 42.980620] excluding 0x4d0-0x4d7
[ 42.981376] clean
[ 42.982130] clean
[ 42.982164] excluding 0xc0000-0xd3fff 0xdc000-0xfffff
[ 42.982208] clean
[ 42.982239] excluding 0x60000000-0x60ffffff
[ 42.983105] clean
[ 56.536275] kauditd_printk_skb: 44 callbacks suppressed
[ 62.379824] vboxdrv: loading out-of-tree module taints kernel.
[ 62.387393] vboxdrv: fAsync=0 offMin=0x201 offMax=0x975
[ 62.497615] VBoxNetFlt: Successfully started.
[ 62.505621] VBoxNetAdp: Successfully started.
[ 62.514793] VBoxPciLinuxInit

*Windows? Yes, I have dual boot with Windows and Ubuntu

Output of cat /etc/fstab:

artur@artur-ThinkPad-T400:~$ cat /etc/fstab
~# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
~#
~# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
~# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
~# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
~#
~#
~# / was on /dev/sda6 during installation
~UUID=a7549fe0-e162-430c-920f-c19181772cfd / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1

~# swap was on /dev/sda5 during installation
~UUID=b1a2d1a2-b05b-4430-8a5e-78070a76d4d5 none swap sw ~0 0'

Output of df:

artur@artur-ThinkPad-T400:~$ df
Sist.fichs 1K-blocos Ocup Livres Uso% Montado em
udev 959524 0 959524 0% /dev
tmpfs 195396 2008 193388 2% /run
/dev/sda6 231409704 131425692 88206016 60% /
tmpfs 976968 42920 934048 5% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5120 4 5116 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 976968 0 976968 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/loop0 14336 14336 0 100% /snap/remmina/2816
/dev/loop1 52224 52224 0 100% /snap/core18/729
/dev/loop2 150400 150400 0 100% /snap/gnome-3-26-1604/83
/dev/loop3 113792 113792 0 100% /snap/flacon-tabetai/61
/dev/loop4 52224 52224 0 100% /snap/core18/780
/dev/loop5 36224 36224 0 100% /snap/gtk-common-themes/1198
/dev/loop6 160128 160128 0 100% /snap/gnome-3-28-1804/39
/dev/loop7 260992 260992 0 100% /snap/wine-platform/127
/dev/loop8 35456 35456 0 100% /snap/gtk-common-themes/818
/dev/loop9 160128 160128 0 100% /snap/gnome-3-28-1804/35
/dev/loop10 113792 113792 0 100% /snap/flacon-tabetai/59
/dev/loop11 52224 52224 0 100% /snap/core18/940
/dev/loop12 260992 260992 0 100% /snap/wine-platform/124
/dev/loop13 80128 80128 0 100% /snap/remmina/2788
/dev/loop14 260992 260992 0 100% /snap/wine-platform/123
/dev/loop15 14336 14336 0 100% /snap/remmina/2832
/dev/loop16 55424 55424 0 100% /snap/p7zip-desktop/164
/dev/loop17 4480 4480 0 100% /snap/tor-mkg20001/12
/dev/loop18 87680 87680 0 100% /snap/core/6675
/dev/loop19 35712 35712 0 100% /snap/gtk-common-themes/1122
/dev/loop20 150400 150400 0 100% /snap/gnome-3-26-1604/75
/dev/loop21 87808 87808 0 100% /snap/core/6813
/dev/loop22 87808 87808 0 100% /snap/core/6530
/dev/loop23 160128 160128 0 100% /snap/gnome-3-28-1804/33
/dev/loop24 113152 113152 0 100% /snap/flacon-tabetai/50
/dev/loop25 150400 150400 0 100% /snap/gnome-3-26-1604/79
tmpfs 195392 16 195376 1% /run/user/122
tmpfs 195392 28 195364 1% /run/user/1000

artur@artur-ThinkPad-T400:~$

Shutdown:

Today I could see that the system is doing it normaly. But, still this week I could see the same message /dev/sda6: recovering journal. Before, after software upgrade, as per the computer sound, it seems that, before closing, the processor stops working and the screen still live with ubuntu logo and the dots under it. A few seconds after the computer shutdown definitively.
By the way, I still don't understand why being my computer a Lenovo T400 with 32 bits machine (Intel® Core™2 Duo CPU P8600 @ 2.40GHz × 2), the system was automaticaly upgraded from 16.04.05 to 18.04.1. Is this the cause of these problems?

Summarizing the problem:
To achieve a normal working session in Ubuntu, I need to give two steps.

1. First, in GRUB wait 10 sec start the boot and a few seconds later the system stops with a gradiente strip in upper side of the screen (I can send an image). I have to force a shutdown with power off botton


2. Restart again and in GRUB wait 30 sec and boot starts with black screen and the message:
   /dev/sda6/: recovering journal
   /dev/sda6: clean, 324482/1470769
   but the boot goes on and complete normaly.

SMART Data and autotest

I'm sorry, I've sent in Portuguese. Now I chose the secondary language and it is in English US:
SMART Data and autotest . English

Regarding with the boot on a earlier release of Kernel, I lost that opportunuty yesterday. The good release was 4.15.0-47 Generic and the system updated to 4.15.0.50 Generic and remove the 47. Now in GRUB I have release 48 and 50 and the upgrade didn't solve my problem.

apt - I am unable to install skype on ubuntu 14.04

When trying to install skype using aptitude I get the following error :

The following NEW packages will be installed:
libaudio2:i386{a} libavahi-client3:i386{a} libavahi-common-data:i386{a} 
libavahi-common3:i386{a} libcgmanager0:i386{a} libcups2:i386{a} 
libdbusmenu-qt2:i386{a} libdrm-intel1:i386{a} libdrm-nouveau2:i386{a} 
libdrm-radeon1:i386{a} libelf1:i386{a} libexpat1:i386{a} libffi6:i386{a} 

libfontconfig1:i386{ab} libgcrypt11:i386{a} libgl1-mesa-dri:i386{ab} 
libgl1-mesa-glx:i386{ab} libglapi-mesa:i386{ab} libglib2.0-0:i386{a} 
libgnutls26:i386{a} libgpg-error0:i386{a} libgssapi-krb5-2:i386{a} 
libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-0:i386{ab} libgstreamer1.0-0:i386{ab} 
libice6:i386{a} libjbig0:i386{a} libjpeg-turbo8:i386{a} libjpeg8:i386{a} 
libllvm3.4:i386{a} libmysqlclient18:i386{a} liborc-0.4-0:i386{a} 
libp11-kit0:i386{a} libpciaccess0:i386{a} libqt4-dbus:i386{a} 
libqt4-declarative:i386{a} libqt4-network:i386{a} libqt4-opengl:i386{a} 
libqt4-script:i386{a} libqt4-sql:i386{a} libqt4-sql-mysql:i386{a} 
libqt4-xml:i386{a} libqt4-xmlpatterns:i386{a} libqtcore4:i386{a} 

libqtdbus4:i386{a} libqtgui4:i386{a} libqtwebkit4:i386{a} 
libselinux1:i386{ab} libsm6:i386{a} libsqlite3-0:i386{a} 
libssl1.0.0:i386{a} libtasn1-6:i386{a} libtiff5:i386{a} 
libtxc-dxtn-s2tc0:i386{a} libudev1:i386{ab} libuuid1:i386{ab} 
libx11-6:i386{a} libx11-xcb1:i386{a} libxcb-dri2-0:i386{a} 
libxcb-dri3-0:i386{a} libxcb-glx0:i386{a} libxcb-present0:i386{a} 
libxcb-sync1:i386{a} libxdamage1:i386{a} libxext6:i386{a} 
libxfixes3:i386{a} libxi6:i386{a} libxml2:i386{a} libxrender1:i386{a} 
libxshmfence1:i386{a} libxslt1.1:i386{a} libxss1:i386{a} libxt6:i386{a} 
libxv1:i386{a} libxxf86vm1:i386{a} mysql-common{a} skype 

skype-bin:i386{a} sni-qt:i386{a} 
0 packages upgraded, 78 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 58.7 MB of archives. After unpacking 206 MB will be used.
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-0 : Breaks: libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-0:i386 (!=  1.2.4-1~ubuntu1) but 1.2.3-1 is to be installed.
libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-0:i386 : Breaks: libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-0 (!= 1.2.3-1) but 1.2.4-1~ubuntu1 is installed.
libgl1-mesa-dri : Breaks: libgl1-mesa-dri:i386 (!= 10.1.3-0ubuntu0.1) but 10.1.0-4ubuntu5 is to be installed.
libgl1-mesa-dri:i386 : Breaks: libgl1-mesa-dri (!= 10.1.0-4ubuntu5) but 10.1.3-0ubuntu0.1 is installed.
libfontconfig1 : Breaks: libfontconfig1:i386 (!= 2.11.0-0ubuntu4.1) but 2.11.0-0ubuntu4 is to be installed.
libfontconfig1:i386 : Depends: fontconfig-config:i386 (= 2.11.0-0ubuntu4) which is a virtual package.

                   Breaks: libfontconfig1 (!= 2.11.0-0ubuntu4) but 2.11.0-0ubuntu4.1 is installed.

Tried with apt-get earlier which gives the following error

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
skype : Depends: skype-bin
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.

Tried fixing with Synaptic Package Manager but the filter Broken Packages doesn't show any packages.

Tried

sudo apt-get clean
sudo apt-get autoclean
sudo apt-get install -f

Tried adding the following in /etc/apt/preferences and sudo apt-get dist-upgrade then sudo apt-get install skype:

Package: *       
Pin: release a=quantal*
Pin-Priority: 2012

None of the above worked.

Enabling Recommended Updates and Unsupported Updates in 'Software & Updates' and then installing skype worked.

It seems I didn't have the latest versions of some packages since I have disabled Recommended Updates and Unsupported Updates. I had only Security Updates enabled. I was thinking that I had the latest versions of packages but apparently I was only getting security updates.

apt - Ubuntu 13.10: Upgrade interrupted because of openjdk-7

I was running an apt-get upgrade (not version upgrade, just normal), when I got this message:

You might want to run 'apt-get -f install' to correct these.

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
icedtea-7-jre-jamvm : Depends: openjdk-7-jre-headless (=
7u51-2.4.4-0ubuntu0.13.10.1)

openjdk-7-jre : Depends: openjdk-7-jre-headless (=
7u51-2.4.4-0ubuntu0.13.10.1)

openjdk-7-jre-lib : Breaks: openjdk-7-jre-headless (< 7u45-2.4.3-1)

E: Unmet dependencies. Try using -f.

I then run as recommended "apt-get install -f" and here is the output:

Preparing to replace openjdk-7-jre-headless:amd64 7u25-2.3.12-4ubuntu3
(using
.../openjdk-7-jre-headless_7u51-2.4.4-0ubuntu0.13.10.1_amd64.deb) ...

Unpacking replacement openjdk-7-jre-headless:amd64 ... dpkg: error

processing
/var/cache/apt/archives/openjdk-7-jre-headless_7u51-2.4.4-0ubuntu0.13.10.1_amd64.deb
(--unpack):

trying to overwrite shared '/etc/java-7-openjdk/sound.properties',
which is different from other instances of package
openjdk-7-jre-headless:amd64

Errors were encountered while processing:
/var/cache/apt/archives/openjdk-7-jre-headless_7u51-2.4.4-0ubuntu0.13.10.1_amd64.deb

E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

How can I fix this error?
Thanks

UPDATE:

The 1st time, I ran the command, there was no output. Now, running it again, I get:

dpkg: dependency problems prevent removal of

openjdk-7-jre-headless:amd64: icedtea-7-jre-jamvm:amd64 depends on

openjdk-7-jre-headless (= 7u51-2.4.4-0ubuntu0.13.10.1).

dpkg: error processing openjdk-7-jre-headless:amd64 (--remove):

dependency problems - not removing Errors were encountered while

processing: openjdk-7-jre-headless:amd64

mount: you must specify the filesystem type

I want to mount a partition to an auxiliary folder via mount to fix a damaged grub.

I used the command.

sudo mount /dev/sdb2 /home/ubuntu/temp

and got as error:

mount: you must specify the filesystem type

Why?

You need to add the -t FILESYSTEMTYPE argument to the command, replacing FILESYSTEMTYPE with your filesystem type. This specifies the filesystem type of the filesystem to be mounted. In your case, this would be /dev/sdb2. Some common, valid filesystem types are:

• auto - this is a special one. It will try to guess the fs type when you use this.


• ext4 - this is probably the most common Linux fs type of the last few years


• ext3 - this is the most common Linux fs type from a couple years back



• ntfs - this is the most common Windows fs type or larger external hard drives


• vfat - this is the most common fs type used for smaller external hard drives


• exfat - is also a file system option commonly found on USB flash drives and other external drives

nvidia - CUDA conflict with Wine

Every time I install Wine on Ubuntu 14.04 my CUDA gets disabled, so I can't use GPU compute with Cycles in Blender. For some reason I can either use Wine or CUDA, not both. I forgot to mention that even the OpenCL (Open Computing Language) driver gets disabled.

I have tried both of the NVIDIA CUDA toolkits, from the Ubuntu Software Center and the CUDA 6.5 toolkit from the Nvidia website. Unfortunately I get the same problem. I have three GPUs - 2 GTX 760s and one GTX 560 Ti. The moment I install Wine, Blender stops detecting them under the Compute Device. I have tried the nvidia-331 graphics driver and also nvidia-340 from the website. I don't know what else to do.

Is there a workaround for this?

package management - Are Snap and Flatpack apps safe to install? Are they "official", approved or tested for a particular distro version?

I don't like installing apps outside my distro's official repositories.

Linux security relies a lot on having a repository meticulously curated and tested for library compatibility with current distro version, stability and security.

Once I installed, from outside repos, a fancy terminal emulator that mimicked retro green/amber phosphor monitors. This app wreaked havoc in my system and I had to reinstall Ubuntu.

I hesitate a lot about using ppas as well.

I only trust very few external sources, ppas or packages downloaded from websites.

But now Snap and Flatpack seems to be all the rage in Ubuntu-specialized sites.

• Is it safe to install Snap apps or Flatpack apps?


• Are there official repos for such?


• How is stability taken cared of with this non-apt stuff?

Snaps have the https://snapcraft.io/ repo - this is run by Canonical, the same people that build Ubuntu.

Flatpaks have an official repo at https://flathub.org/ . Flatpaks were developed by Redhat but I don't know if they manage the flathub repo or not.

---

Stability:

The stability of the individual packages, of course, rely on the quality of the build and are at the mercy of the maintainer.

Both flatpaks and snaps are built completely using the dependencies they need inside a sandbox but both handle this a little differently

Snaps build a mount point and the system mounts the program archive and runs it from there.

Flatpaks are built in /var/flatpak/ for system-wide (global) installs and in ~/.var/app on the local side.
Flatpak mounts those and runs them

The good news about stability is that if you get a wonky application in either it is contained and will not make the rest of your system unstable by installing libraries that cause conflicts with other installed apps.

Both are self contained applications with all the needed information to run. This is what makes this distro-agnostic and allows them to be installed on any Linux system that supports them (flatpak or snap)

---

Security:

This is a little more ambiguous.

Snaps only have the official repo. There was one reported case of malware getting into the repo but it was caught quickly and removed. If I remember right it was a cyrptocurrency mining software that would send some of the mined currency back to the app maintainers without the users knowledge. Even with that there was no other ill effect from the app and afiak it was unable to access the home folder of the user.

Flatpaks: If you use the official repo it should have about the same security as Snaps, nothing is perfect but anything that makes it in will be very quickly noticed and removed if it is malware and made it past the initial submission review.

I would personally doubt that anything overtly malware like a virus would make it into either Snap or Flatpaks repos and anything with sneaky unwanted behavior like the aforementioned cyrptocurrency app would stay in very long.

Overall I would say that both are safe but neither is as inherently safe as the official Ubuntu sources, but this goes for PPAs as wel. Adding any sources outside of Ubuntu's official sources is not quite as safe.

I do have to add a caveat here, there are other Flatpak repos out there, most are for legitimate programs that just want to host their own repo rather than use flathub. Those are completely outside any quality control of flathub and should only be added if you trust the developers of the program. This would also go for adding snap repos but I don't think that at this time there are any but the official Snap repos.

---

As to the whether or not flatpaks and snaps are safe to install:

Overall that are safe as long as you stick to the official repos, look over the description of the packages you want to install and don't install anything that looks even a bit shady.

Both are a great way for users to have safe (as safe as can be expected outside a distro's official package sources) way to install software that are not available any other way and have them "just work".

For example I have Spotify installed as a Snap and Teamspeak 3 installed as a flatpak. While Spotify is available via a ppa, using a snap allows me to avoid cluttering apt with ppa that I can avoid using.

Teamspeak would only be available for me with a .run that unpacks the folder and then you put the extracted folder in your home directory and click on the sh file or use the command line to start. While I did this before and then made a desktop launcher to launch it for me then added that launcher to my ~/local/share/applications folder to launch it. It was so much easier to just install the flatpack in one step and have it work.

---

"Once I installed, from outside repos, a fancy terminal emulator that mimicked retro green/amber phosphor monitors. This app wreaked havoc in my system and I had to reinstall Ubuntu."

To address that part of your lead up to your question:

I would suspect that reason the ppa completely hosed your Ubuntu install is because it brought in newer libraries as dependencies that your native programs were unable to use or overwrote your installed libraries with older ones that were too outdated to be used by your native Ubuntu.

The good thing about both snaps and flatpaks is that they will bring in any libraries they need to run inside their own folders. Snaps and flatpaks are self contained and will not touch any of your system files or libraries.

The disadvantage to this is that the programs might be bigger than a non snap or flatpak version but the trade off is that you don't have to worry about it affecting anything else, not even other snaps or flatpaks. If the app is broken because it brought in bad libraries or for any other reason you just uninstall it and it is completely gone.

installation - What factors should be considered when installing packages manually?

I have seen many packages' readme or install files on instructing how to install a package manually. But many times the results are erroneous.

They instruct us to do many thing with for example the configure file.

But many, many factors are involved in this procedure (dependencies, make, path variables and much more).

I am yet able to install a single package manually.

What are the common factors that should be considered with manual installations?

I am answering this question under my knowledge .

you have to install build-essential to compile any package manually .

     sudo apt-get install build-essential

Then you can configure your package with ./configure
Then make and sudo make install
But one more thing you have to remember is that package dependencies . If you are installing a package means those will obtained automatically ,if not
sudo apt-get install -f will do the job .

In the case of No internet connection , you have to collect all of them and thats a risky job , my opinion .

So if you want to install a package manually then you have to take care of the compilation tools nothing but build essential and dependencies of that package .

The above explanation applicable for any source packages .

But if you got builded packages directly i mean .DEB files then simply you can install them with

sudo dpkg -i filename.deb

and here also if dependencies issue may raise and you can take care of them with sudo apt-get install -f

If you got that package as a script(.sh) or binary file (.bin ) , the you can install with

chmod +x filenmae.sh
./filename.sh

for binary

chmod +x filename.bin
./filename.bin