networking - Ubuntu 16.04: SSH server connects locally, but refuses remote connections

I've been in the process of setting up an SSH server on an otherwise brand new Ubuntu installation. However, the server is only accepting connections from the local network. If I attempt to connect to it via the public IP address, I get:

ssh: connect to host XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX port 31415: Connection refused

I've forwarded the necessary port, and allowed it through the firewall. I can ping the IP, and a port checker seems to detect the server, which leads me to believe its not a port forwarding issue.

Firewall rules:

31415/tcp                  ALLOW       Anywhere
31415/tcp (v6)             ALLOW       Anywhere (v6)

Netstat output:

...
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:31415           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      -
tcp        0    400 10.0.0.30:31415         10.0.0.18:16669         ESTABLISHED -
...

sshd_config:

...
# What ports, IPs and protocols we listen for
Port 31415
#Use these options to restrict which interfaces/protocols sshd will bind to
#ListenAddress ::
#ListenAddress 0.0.0.0
...

Is it an issue with my networking interface? Is there a setting that's forcing local-only connections? How do I go about forcing it to accept remote IPs as well as local ones?

Answer based on the discussion above.
For some routers, local loopback is handled differently for TCP and ICMP packets. Therefore, the router will respond to ping on the WAN address, but will not allow local network users to connect to port forward on WAN side.

To test the theory, nmap should be used to check the port is open, or the connection should be attempted from a remote address.

nmap -p 31415 -Pn your_internet_ip

or

go to http://canyouseeme.org and check from there (which is what the OP did).