boot - "error: invalid video mode specification 'text' . Booting in blind mode"

I'm running an Ubuntu 16.04 (ext4) and Windows 10 (ntfs) dual boot environment which worked perfectly until I seemed to have crashed it by switching temporarily from UEFI Only to Legacy Only in my bios to run hard drive diagnostic tools from USB.

Now the initial splash screen has changed and the grub menu (version 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3.7) shows up in much lower resolution (640x480) then before.

This is not really a problem for me, but when I choose to start Ubuntu this message pops up for a second:

error: Invalid video mode specification 'text'. Booting in blind mode

Then two more message lines are shown:

[1.895670][drm: intel_set_pch_fifo_underrun_reporting [i915]] *ERROR* uncleared pch fifo underrun on pch transcoder A
[1.895696][drm: intel_pch_fifo_underrun_irq_handler [i915]] *ERROR* PCH transcoder A FIFO underrun

After this, the Ubuntu loading screen appears in high resolution, but exits in emergency mode where I can login as root user.

When I type in glxinfo in Terminal I get Error: unable to open display.

It all seems to me that there is an issue with loading the Intel grahpics driver in Ubuntu (Windows starts without problems).

Has anybody experienced a similar issue before or better can help me to get my Ubuntu booting again? I've searched through the forums, but couldn't find a helpful solution yet. Would be great!

Update
@rod-smith (see answer below) helped me already with UEFI/CMS/Legacy settings and got me back to the previous splash screen and the grub menu in high resolution. However, the main problem: error: Invalid video mode specification 'text'. Booting in blind mode still persists and I end up in emergency mode. Any more suggestions how to handle this?

If it helps, I'm running a Lenovo Thinkpad X1 Carbon from 2013.

Update 2
When I run journalctl -xb in emgergency mode, some red messages show up. Within them the messages fsck failed with error code 4 and Failed to Start File System Check on /dev/disk/by-uuid/..... Maybe this can help.

Update 3
The problem is solved. See my answer below.

Luckily, I could finally solve my problem. After checking journalctl from emergency mode again a colleague of mine found out that its not my root partition /dev/sda5/ which throws the error message, but my home partition /dev/sda7/. So I run fsck for my home partition again and answered everything with yes. After reboot, the blind mode message was still showing up, but I could boot into Ubuntu.

However, it seemed that fsck messed up a couple of packages as the Unity launcher (toolbar, dash, etc.) didn't show up. So I reinstalled all ubuntu packages with the following command:

for pkg in `dpkg --get-selections | awk '{print $1}' | egrep -v '(dpkg|apt)'`
do
    apt-get -y --force-yes install --reinstall $pkg
done

After another reboot Unity still wasn't there, but the blind mode message finally dissapeared!

To get unity back to work, I following the instructions of @jonayad-rahman. However, now my autostart config is gone, but this is a much less serious problem and a good opportunity to clean up a bit... :)